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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects how a person thinks, communicates, and interacts with the world. It is a lifelong condition that usually becomes noticeable in early childhood.
People with autism may experience differences in processing information, communicating with others, and forming relationships. Some may engage in repetitive behaviours or find social cues challenging to understand. For example, they might not make eye contact or respond when their name is called, even if they are listening.
Since autism is a spectrum, it affects people in different ways:
Experts believe autism has a strong genetic link, although research is ongoing. One proven fact is that vaccines do not cause autism.
Previously, Asperger syndrome was considered a separate diagnosis. However, in 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) removed it as a distinct condition and classified it under autism spectrum disorder. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) followed this change in 2019.
Individuals who would have previously been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome are now considered to have Level 1 ASD, meaning they require minimal support. These individuals often have deep interests in particular topics, such as music, transport systems, or science.
Some historical figures, like Mozart, Albert Einstein, and Charles Darwin, are thought to have traits consistent with autism.
Autism is more commonly diagnosed in males than females. Some researchers believe genetic differences may provide females with some level of protection. However, many women and girls go undiagnosed as they may be better at masking social difficulties.
According to the World Health Organization, around one in 100 children worldwide is diagnosed with autism. Studies suggest the actual number may be higher. For instance, a 2018 US study reported that one in 44 children had an autism diagnosis. Experts believe this rise is due to:
As a result, more people are getting the support they need.
Since autism is lifelong, many adults may have spent years without a diagnosis. Fortunately, as awareness grows, more people are being identified and provided with support.
There is no cure for autism, and no medication can directly treat it. However, related symptoms, such as anxiety or seizures, can be managed with treatment. Therapy, including speech and occupational therapy, can help improve communication, motor skills, and sensory sensitivities.
With proper support, autistic individuals can lead happy and successful lives, making unique contributions to society.
